Average speed lies; intersection delay, elevator waits, and light cycles often dominate. A bike may race on a boulevard yet lose minutes locking up near a lobby; walking straight through a plaza can quietly win. Optimize segments, not vehicles, and reward consistency over headline velocity.
Legal constraints redraw possibilities every block. Sidewalk bans for scooters, one-way bike lanes, and school-hour slow zones create hidden costs and surprise detours. Encode fines, dismount requirements, and permissible turns as penalties so safe, compliant choices naturally rise to the top without nagging overlays or brittle exceptions.
Backpacks, panniers, and insulated boxes change posture, acceleration, and braking distance. Climbing three flights after a scooter stint feels different than pedaling steadily with gears. Model load, gradient, micro-rests, and hydration stops, then prefer routes that keep bodies fresher, steadier, and focused during the final delivery approach.
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